More and more companies are leveraging technological advances in AI, machine learning, and natural language processing to provide recommendations to consumers. As these companies evaluate AI-based assistance, one critical question must be asked: When do consumers trust ¡°word of the machine,¡± and when do they resist it?
A new study published in the Journal of Marketing found that the key factor in deciding how to incorporate AI recommenders is whether consumers are focused on the functional and practical aspects of a product or on the experiential and sensory aspects of a product.
Relying on data from over 3,000 study participants, the research team found evidence supporting a so-called ¡°word-of-machine¡± effect, defined as the phenomenon by which the trade-offs between utilitarian and hedonic aspects of a product determine the preference for, or resistance to, AI recommenders. The word-of-machine effect stems from a widespread belief that AI systems are more competent than humans at dispensing advice when functional and practical qualities are desired and less competent when the desired qualities are experiential and sensory-based. Consequently, the importance or salience of utilitarian attributes determines consumers¡¯ preference for AI recommenders over human ones, while the importance or salience of hedonic attributes determine resistance to AI recommenders over human ones.
The researchers tested the word-of-machine effect using experiments designed to assess people¡¯s tendency to choose products based on consumer experiences and recommendation sources. Longoni explains that ¡°We found that when presented with instructions to choose products based solely on utilitarian/functional attributes, more participants chose AI-recommended products. When asked to only consider hedonic/experiential attributes, a higher percentage of participants chose human recommenders.¡±
When utilitarian features are most important, the word-of-machine effect was more distinct. In one study, participants were asked to imagine buying a winter coat and rate how important utilitarian/functional attributes (e.g., breathability) and hedonic/experiential attributes (e.g., fabric type) were in their decision making. The more utilitarian/functional features were highly rated, the greater the preference for AI over human assistance, and the more hedonic/experiential features were highly rated, the greater the preference for human over AI assistance.
Another study indicated that when consumers wanted recommendations matched to their unique preferences, they resisted AI recommenders and preferred human recommenders regardless of hedonic or utilitarian preferences. These results suggest that companies whose customers are known to be satisfied with ¡°one size fits all¡± recommendations (i.e., not in need of a high level of customization) may rely on AI-systems. However, companies whose customers are known to desire personalized recommendations should rely on humans.
Although there is a clear correlation between utilitarian attributes and consumer trust in AI recommenders, companies selling products that promise more sensorial experiences (e.g., fragrances, food, wine) may still use AI to engage customers. In fact, people embrace AI¡¯s recommendations, as long as AI works in partnership with humans. When AI plays an assistive role, ¡°augmenting¡± human intelligence rather than replacing it, the AI-human hybrid recommender performs as well as a human-only assistant.
Overall, the word-of-machine effect has important implications as the development and adoption of AI, machine learning, and natural language processing challenges managers and policymakers to harness these transformative technologies. The digital marketplace is crowded and the consumer attention span is short. Understanding the conditions under which consumers trust, and do not trust, AI advice will give companies a competitive advantage in this space.
References
Journal of Marketing, November 2, 2020, Artificial Intelligence in Utilitarian vs. Hedonic Contexts: The ¡°Word-of-Machine,¡± by Chiara Longoni and Luca Cian. © 2020 by American Marketing Association. All rights reserved.
To view or purchase this article, please visit:
Artificial Intelligence in Utilitarian vs. Hedonic Contexts: The ¡°Word-of-Machine¡± Effect - Chiara Longoni, Luca Cian, 2020 (sagepub.com)
Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ±â¾÷ÀÌ ÀΰøÁö´É(AI), ±â°è ÇнÀ, ÀÚ¿¬¾î ó¸®ÀÇ ±â¼ú ¹ßÀüÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼ÒºñÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ãßõ ¹× ±ÇÀå ¼ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¼ºñ½º¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÒ ¶§´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áß¿äÇÑ Áú¹®À» ´øÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¡°¼ÒºñÀÚ´Â ¾ðÁ¦ ¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯¸¦ ½Å·ÚÇÏ°í °ÅºÎÇϴ°¡?¡±
¡®Àú³Î ¿Àºê ¸¶ÄÉÆÃ(Journal of Marketing)¡¯¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é Àΰø Áö´É Ãßõ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ÅëÇÕÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÇÙ½É ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ¡®Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀû ½ÇÁ¦Àû Ãø¸é¡¯ ¶Ç´Â ¡®Á¦Ç°ÀÇ °æÇèÀû °¨°¢Àû Äè¶ôÀû Ãø¸é¡¯ Áß ¾îµð¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ´ÂÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎÀÌ´Ù.
3,000¸í ÀÌ»ó Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¼ÒÀ§ ¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯ È¿°ú¸¦ µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¡®½Ç¿ëÀû Ãø¸é¡¯°ú ¡®Äè¶ôÀû Ãø¸é¡¯ °£ÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀÌ ÀΰøÁö´É Ãßõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£¿Í °ÅºÎ¸¦ °áÁ¤Áþ´Â Çö»óÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯ È¿°ú´Â, ±â´ÉÀû ¹× ½ÇÁ¦Àû Ư¼ºÀ» ¿øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ÀΰøÁö´É ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¾îµå¹ÙÀ̽º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î Àΰ£º¸´Ù ´õ À¯´ÉÇÏ°í, ¿øÇÏ´Â ¹Ù°¡ °æÇèÀûÀÌ°í °¨°¢ÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì Àΰ£º¸´Ù ´ú À¯´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â ¸¸¿¬µÈ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ç¿ëÁÖÀÇÀû ¼Ó¼ºÀÇ Á߿伺ÀÌ Àΰ£º¸´Ù ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ Ãßõ ȤÀº ±Ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒºñÀÚ ¼±È£µµ¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é °¨¼ºÀû, Äè¶ôÀû ¼Ó¼ºÀÇ Á߿伺Àº Àΰ£º¸´Ù ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ Ãßõ ȤÀº ±Ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×¼ºÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¼ÒºñÀÚ °æÇè°ú Ãßõ ¼Ò½º(recommendation sources)¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î Á¦Ç°À» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °æÇâÀ» Æò°¡Çϱâ À§ÇØ °í¾ÈµÈ ½ÇÇèÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯ È¿°ú¸¦ Å×½ºÆ®Çß´Ù. ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿øÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.
¡°½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌ°í ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¸¸ ±â¹ÝÇÏ¿© Á¦Ç°À» ¼±ÅÃÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÁöħÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ´õ ¸¹Àº Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ÃßõÇÏ´Â Á¦Ç°À» ¼±ÅÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù. °æÇèÀûÀÌ°í Äè¶ôÀûÀÎ ¼Ó¼º¸¸ °í·ÁÇϵµ·Ï ¿äû¹Þ¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´õ ³ôÀº ºñÀ²ÀÇ Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÃßõÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ±â´ÉÀÌ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÒ ¶§, ¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯ È¿°ú´Â ´õ ¶Ñ·ÇÇß´Ù. ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ Âü¿©ÀÚµéÀº °Ü¿ï ÄÚÆ® ±¸ÀÔÀ» »ó»óÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤¿¡ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Åë±â¼º°ú °°ÀÌ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌ°í ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ ¼Ó¼º°ú Á÷¹° À¯Çü°ú °°Àº °æÇèÀûÀÌ°í Äè¶ôÀûÀÎ ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª Áß¿äÇÑÁö Æò°¡Çϵµ·Ï ¿äû ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. À̶§ ½Ç¿ëÀû ±â´ÉÀû ±â´É¿¡ ³ôÀº Á¡¼ö¸¦ ÁÙ¼ö·Ï Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ¿òº¸´Ù´Â ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£µµ°¡ ³ô¾Ò°í, °æÇèÀû Äè¶ôÀû ±â´É¿¡ ³ôÀº Á¡¼ö¸¦ ÁÙ¼ö·Ï ÀΰøÁö´Éº¸´Ù Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£µµ°¡ ³ô¾Ò´Ù.
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¼±È£¿¡ ¸Â´Â ÃßõÀ» ¿øÇÒ ¶§ Äè¶ôÀû ¶Ç´Â ½Ç¿ëÀû ¼±È£µµ¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ Ãßõ¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÃßõÀ» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ¡®¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ¡¯ ¹ü¿ë »óÇ°À̳ª ¼ºñ½º¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °í°´À» º¸À¯ÇÑ ±â¾÷ÀÇ °æ¿ì, ÀΰøÁö´É ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ °í°´ °³º° ¸ÂÃãÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì, ±â¾÷Àº öÀúÇÏ°Ô »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù..
ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ Ãßõ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¡®½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ¼Ó¼º¡¯ÀÌ ¡®¼ÒºñÀÚ ½Å·Ú¡¯¿Í »ó°ü°ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, Çâ¼ö, ½ÄÇ°, ¿ÍÀΰú °°Àº º¸´Ù ´õ °¨°¢ÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â Á¦Ç°À» ÆǸÅÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷µéÀÌ °í°´À» À¯Ä¡Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» È°¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ Àΰ£°ú Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù¸é ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÃßõÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ Àΰ£ Áö´ÉÀ» ´ëüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¡®Áõ°¡¯ÇÏ´Â º¸Á¶ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̶§, ÀΰøÁö´É°ú Àΰ£À̶ó´Â ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ÃßõÀº Àΰ£ Àü¿ë ºñ¼¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¡®±â°èÀÇ ´Ü¾î¡¯ È¿°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´É, ±â°è ÇнÀ, ÀÚ¿¬¾î ó¸®ÀÇ °³¹ß ¹× äÅÃÀÌ °ü¸®ÀÚ¿Í Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀڵ鿡°Ô Çõ½ÅÀû ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇؾßÇÏ´Â µµÀü°úÁ¦¸¦ ´øÁö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µðÁöÅÐ ½ÃÀåÀº È¥ÀâÇÏ°í, ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ °ü½É ¹üÀ§´Â ª´Ù. ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ ½Å·ÚÇÏ´Â, ±×¸®°í ½Å·ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¶°ÇµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ÀÌÇØÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀΰøÁö´É ÃßõÀº ±â¾÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ µðÁöÅÐ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ÀÇ °æÀï·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇØÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
- Journal of Marketing, November 2, 2020, Artificial Intelligence in Utilitarian vs. Hedonic Contexts: The ¡°Word-of-Machine,¡± by Chiara Longoni and Luca Cian. © 2020 by American Marketing Association. All rights reserved.
To view or purchase this article, please visit:
Artificial Intelligence in Utilitarian vs. Hedonic Contexts: The ¡°Word-of-Machine¡± Effect - Chiara Longoni, Luca Cian, 2020 (sagepub.com)