Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency Reaches 33%
A Leap Toward Commercialization of Silicon-Perovskite Tandem Technology
Solar power has already established itself as the core of renewable energy, but it still faces a dual challenge of 'efficiency and cost'. Single-junction silicon (Si) technology has advanced for decades, reaching close to its theoretical efficiency limit of around 26%. The solution emerging to surpass this boundary is the 'silicon-perovskite tandem solar cell'.
In 2025, 'LONGi', one of the world¡¯s largest solar companies, announced that it achieved a 'power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 33%' with a large-area (260 cm©÷) silicon-perovskite tandem solar cell. This record, certified by the internationally recognized 'NREL (U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory)', marked the first case of such validation on an industrially scalable large cell. It represents not just a laboratory breakthrough but a 'critical milestone toward commercialization'.
Intermediate-Temperature Processing and Uniformity at Large Area
Research on perovskite solar cells has long demonstrated efficiencies above 25% on small-area cells of around 1 cm©÷. However, when scaled up to hundreds of cm©÷, issues such as 'non-uniform thin-film coating, interfacial defects, and humidity instability' typically caused steep drops in performance.
The LONGi research team combined 'low-loss electrolyte deposition processes operable at intermediate temperatures (around 100 ¡ÆC)' with advanced 'interface engineering', successfully forming highly uniform perovskite films even on large areas. This suppressed charge recombination and precisely matched current between the silicon and perovskite layers, maximizing the tandem effect.
The fact that this record was achieved on a '260 cm©÷ large-area cell' underscores its 'industrial scalability', not just small-scale laboratory feasibility.
The Triple Advantage: Low Cost, High Efficiency, and Scalability
Perovskite materials can be manufactured through solution processing, enabling 'low-cost, low-temperature production' compared to silicon. Moreover, combining perovskite with silicon offers the advantage of upgrading existing production lines into tandem structures without major overhauls.
* 'Low cost': By keeping silicon wafer processes intact and simply adding a perovskite film, additional efficiency gains can be obtained with minimal infrastructure changes.
* 'High efficiency': By absorbing different parts of the spectrum (silicon primarily red, perovskite primarily blue-green), tandem cells enable 'maximized spectrum utilization'.
* 'Scalability': Achieving 33% efficiency on a large-area cell demonstrates clear potential for 'commercial module production'.
Implications for the Solar Industry and the Environment
This achievement extends far beyond an incremental boost in efficiency; it carries profound implications for the solar industry and global energy transition strategies.
First, it 'accelerates renewable energy deployment'. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from solar drops significantly as efficiency rises. At 33%, more electricity can be generated from the same area, reducing land, equipment, and operating costs.
Second, it 'strengthens sustainability'. With silicon-only technology hitting its ceiling, combining it with perovskite enables a new pathway for environmentally responsible progress. The relative abundance of raw materials and simplified processes reduce long-term resource extraction pressures.
Third, it 'reshapes industrial structures'. If perovskite tandem technology reaches commercialization, the balance of competition and cooperation between established silicon-based manufacturers and new material companies will shift. LONGi¡¯s achievement signals China¡¯s intent to seize a leading position in global solar innovation.
Challenges Toward Commercialization
Nevertheless, clear hurdles remain before full industrial adoption.
* 'Large-scale module validation': Beyond laboratory-scale, further testing is required to ensure the same performance in modules of tens to hundreds of watts.
* 'Long-term stability': Perovskite materials remain vulnerable to moisture, oxygen, and photo-thermal stress. Ensuring durability for 20–25 years in outdoor conditions is essential.
* 'Process optimization': Cost-effective mass production will require innovations such as roll-to-roll coating and low-temperature deposition.
* 'Safety and regulation': Some perovskite compositions contain lead (Pb), raising environmental and recycling concerns that must be addressed to meet global regulatory standards.
Redefining Solar Power
The significance of this milestone is not just a ¡°new efficiency record.¡± It demonstrates that a 'new generation of solar cells challenging silicon¡¯s limits' is finally entering the industrial stage.
This resembles the way an energy system long dependent on limited resources expands again through 'materials innovation'. Perovskite tandems are redefining solar energy as a ¡°cheaper, smaller, and more powerful source of generation.¡±
If silicon-perovskite tandems are commercialized within the next decade, solar energy will no longer be viewed as an auxiliary power source but will instead become the 'dominant energy provider in global electricity markets'.
* Reference
LONGi, April, 2025. 'LONGi Sets New World Record Efficiency of 34.85% for Silicon-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cell (12cm©÷)'.
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* Reference
LONGi, April, 2025. 'LONGi Sets New World Record Efficiency of 34.85% for Silicon-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cell (12cm©÷)'.